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Multiple Marginality and Gangs

Through a Prism Darkly

James Diego Vigil

Multiple Marginality and Gangs: Through a Prism Darkly unravels the youth gang problem in a multidimensional approach that encompasses the place, status, social control, subcultural, and identity facets of urban street gangs. The power of place and the status of persons and groups are the major forces that generate the many situations and conditions that give rise to gangs. In its simplest trajectory, Multiple Marginality can be modeled as follows: place/status to street socialization to street subculture to street identity. It is the actions and reactions among them that we fathom. As we witness detrimental or absent family influence, we also observe weaker, underfunded schools that limit educators’ reach. At the same time, there has been an increase in the militarization of law enforcement to deal with the youth street populations, the heaviest hand is that of the police. There is a causal relationship between social marginalization factors and gang membership. A psychological analysis also entails how street socialization leads to a street identity. In a place and status group, the cascading effects of marginalization have certainly affected—and mostly thwarted—social control institutions.
  • Details
  • Details
  • Author
  • Author
  • TOC
  • TOC
  • Reviews
  • Reviews
Lexington Books
Pages: 140 • Trim: 6⅜ x 9¼
978-1-7936-1331-8 • Hardback • August 2020 • $100.00 • (£77.00)
978-1-7936-1333-2 • Paperback • June 2021 • $44.99 • (£35.00)
Subjects: Social Science / Criminology, Social Science / Anthropology / General, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / General, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / Hispanic American Studies
James Diego Vigil is professor of social ecology at the University of California, Irvine.
Chapter One: Multiple Marginality, A Comparative Framework for Understanding Gangs

Chapter Two: The Place and Status Facets of Marginality: Ecology and Socioeconomics

Chapter Three: Strains on Families

Chapter Four: The Broad Refraction of Education

Chapter Five: Police as the Last Bastions of Social Control

Chapter Six: Recent Changes and Developments in Gang Marginality

Chapter Seven: Street Socialization and Street Identity: The Fall of the Self and the Rise of the Group

Chapter Eight: Forging Policies from Time, Place, and People

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Multiple marginality refers to the many ways that a cluster of ecological, economic, and sociocultural macro and micro conditions leads to racism, ethnicism, and oppression. They in turn cause strain, undermine social control, disrupt family associations, and destabilize conventional socialization. Vigil uses this conceptual lens to show why many marginalized youth, such as those he observed in several distressed Los Angeles neighborhoods, join street gangs. Marginalization began long ago as immigrants and minorities were forced into urban ethnic enclaves that became impoverished, heightening patterns of unemployment and family disruption. Because of these factors, Vigil argues, youth were more likely to experience strain due to living in unsafe neighborhoods, receiving poor educational opportunities, and experiencing poor school environments, family turmoil, and oppressive encounters with law enforcement. These experiences in turn caused low self-esteem and further marginalization, ultimately leading many youth to join street gangs to protect themselves, to enhance their self-esteem, and to gain a supportive social network not available elsewhere. Ameliorative steps should thus include strengthening families and improving educational and employment opportunities for youth who experience multiple marginalities. Recommended.


— Choice Reviews


Vigil’s multiple marginality framework examines how marginalization impacts communities, groups, families, and individuals in ways that contribute to the proliferation of street gangs. With his framework developed, Vigil acknowledges that new developments in society will influence how marginalization impacts communities and, by extension, gangs. Immigration patterns and policies continue to change along with the racial and ethnic composition of the United States. In an increasingly global society, gangs have become transnational, as gangs such as MS-13 have emerged and become the focus of law enforcement attention. Hysteria about gangs and minority populations shift, influencing the nature and extent of marginalization. Crime policies also change over time and have different effects on communities, gangs, and gang-related behavior. Given these changes, scholars should continue to examine the role of marginalization on communities, and utilize Vigil’s multiple marginality framework to better understand the impact of these changes on street gangs.


— Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books


Street gangs are complex social phenomena. Few scholars have done more than Diego Vigil to peel back the layers and cut across the levels to understand gangs. Over the last four decades he has hoisted the multiple marginality perspective to the forefront of gang research, and this work continues the tradition. Understanding gangs requires attention to people, families, schools, communities, and political economies. Multiple Marginality and Gangs is both a manifold and a telescope, offering distal and proximal views of the many these many dimensions of street gangs.
— David C. Pyrooz, University of Colorado Boulder


Multiple Marginality and Gangs: Through a Prism Darkly offers a concise explanation of Vigil’s concept of multiple marginality: one of the most important frameworks for understanding gangs today.
— John Hagedorn, University of Illinois Chicago


Multiple Marginality and Gangs

Through a Prism Darkly

Cover Image
Hardback
Paperback
Summary
Summary
  • Multiple Marginality and Gangs: Through a Prism Darkly unravels the youth gang problem in a multidimensional approach that encompasses the place, status, social control, subcultural, and identity facets of urban street gangs. The power of place and the status of persons and groups are the major forces that generate the many situations and conditions that give rise to gangs. In its simplest trajectory, Multiple Marginality can be modeled as follows: place/status to street socialization to street subculture to street identity. It is the actions and reactions among them that we fathom. As we witness detrimental or absent family influence, we also observe weaker, underfunded schools that limit educators’ reach. At the same time, there has been an increase in the militarization of law enforcement to deal with the youth street populations, the heaviest hand is that of the police. There is a causal relationship between social marginalization factors and gang membership. A psychological analysis also entails how street socialization leads to a street identity. In a place and status group, the cascading effects of marginalization have certainly affected—and mostly thwarted—social control institutions.
Details
Details
  • Lexington Books
    Pages: 140 • Trim: 6⅜ x 9¼
    978-1-7936-1331-8 • Hardback • August 2020 • $100.00 • (£77.00)
    978-1-7936-1333-2 • Paperback • June 2021 • $44.99 • (£35.00)
    Subjects: Social Science / Criminology, Social Science / Anthropology / General, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / General, Social Science / Ethnic Studies / Hispanic American Studies
Author
Author
  • James Diego Vigil is professor of social ecology at the University of California, Irvine.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
  • Chapter One: Multiple Marginality, A Comparative Framework for Understanding Gangs

    Chapter Two: The Place and Status Facets of Marginality: Ecology and Socioeconomics

    Chapter Three: Strains on Families

    Chapter Four: The Broad Refraction of Education

    Chapter Five: Police as the Last Bastions of Social Control

    Chapter Six: Recent Changes and Developments in Gang Marginality

    Chapter Seven: Street Socialization and Street Identity: The Fall of the Self and the Rise of the Group

    Chapter Eight: Forging Policies from Time, Place, and People

    Bibliography

    Index

    About the Author
Reviews
Reviews
  • Multiple marginality refers to the many ways that a cluster of ecological, economic, and sociocultural macro and micro conditions leads to racism, ethnicism, and oppression. They in turn cause strain, undermine social control, disrupt family associations, and destabilize conventional socialization. Vigil uses this conceptual lens to show why many marginalized youth, such as those he observed in several distressed Los Angeles neighborhoods, join street gangs. Marginalization began long ago as immigrants and minorities were forced into urban ethnic enclaves that became impoverished, heightening patterns of unemployment and family disruption. Because of these factors, Vigil argues, youth were more likely to experience strain due to living in unsafe neighborhoods, receiving poor educational opportunities, and experiencing poor school environments, family turmoil, and oppressive encounters with law enforcement. These experiences in turn caused low self-esteem and further marginalization, ultimately leading many youth to join street gangs to protect themselves, to enhance their self-esteem, and to gain a supportive social network not available elsewhere. Ameliorative steps should thus include strengthening families and improving educational and employment opportunities for youth who experience multiple marginalities. Recommended.


    — Choice Reviews


    Vigil’s multiple marginality framework examines how marginalization impacts communities, groups, families, and individuals in ways that contribute to the proliferation of street gangs. With his framework developed, Vigil acknowledges that new developments in society will influence how marginalization impacts communities and, by extension, gangs. Immigration patterns and policies continue to change along with the racial and ethnic composition of the United States. In an increasingly global society, gangs have become transnational, as gangs such as MS-13 have emerged and become the focus of law enforcement attention. Hysteria about gangs and minority populations shift, influencing the nature and extent of marginalization. Crime policies also change over time and have different effects on communities, gangs, and gang-related behavior. Given these changes, scholars should continue to examine the role of marginalization on communities, and utilize Vigil’s multiple marginality framework to better understand the impact of these changes on street gangs.


    — Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books


    Street gangs are complex social phenomena. Few scholars have done more than Diego Vigil to peel back the layers and cut across the levels to understand gangs. Over the last four decades he has hoisted the multiple marginality perspective to the forefront of gang research, and this work continues the tradition. Understanding gangs requires attention to people, families, schools, communities, and political economies. Multiple Marginality and Gangs is both a manifold and a telescope, offering distal and proximal views of the many these many dimensions of street gangs.
    — David C. Pyrooz, University of Colorado Boulder


    Multiple Marginality and Gangs: Through a Prism Darkly offers a concise explanation of Vigil’s concept of multiple marginality: one of the most important frameworks for understanding gangs today.
    — John Hagedorn, University of Illinois Chicago


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